operating expenses in Korean local governments through investigating factors that affect operating expenses for managing local … governments. Design/methodology/approach: To examine the factors affecting operating expenses, this study utilizes research … framework using key determinants of budget execution in terms of operating expenses with the political market approach. For …

operating expenses in Korean local governments through investigating factors that affect operating expenses for managing local … governments. Design/methodology/approach: To examine the factors affecting operating expenses, this study utilizes research … framework using key determinants of budget execution in terms of operating expenses with the political market approach. For …

relatively high costs. In fact, their operating expenses exceed the estimated costs of a generic fractional-reserve gold standard …. Even when the reserve ratio of the estimated gold standard is increased up to 100% on M1, the operating expenses of these …. Their annual operating expenses as a fraction of nominal GDP are more than twice as high as those of the Federal Reserve …