Schnepf, Sylke Viola; Granato, Silvia - 2023
This study uses the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) data, the only cross-national data having … across 21 European countries between 2016 and 2021. Learning decline estimated with PIRLS data is not only composed of … counterfactual impact evaluation studies measuring learning decline in languages due to COVID-19 are compared to PIRLS reading …