This study investigates whether couple ethnic composition shapes household welfare dependence, a relevant dimension overlooked in previous studies. Using fifteen years of Swedish panel data and a dynamic discrete-choice model that addresses initialconditions and unobserved heterogeneity, we...

The fifth review of a three-year Extended Credit Facility (ECF) arrangement (SDR 324 million, 200 percent of quota) was concluded on July 10, 2024. Resilient activity in the non-hydrocarbon sector supported economic growth in 2024, while oil production continued to surprise on the downside....

Economic recovery has continued, but growth remains subdued. Structural and governance weaknesses, ongoing internal conflicts and security concerns, social tensions around presidential elections in October 2025, and climate hazards continue to hinder the growth outlook, which is also unfavorably...

Real GDP growth stabilized at 4.2 percent in 2024. Led by food and energy prices, year-on-year inflation persisted, rising from 7.3 percent in March 2024 to 8.6 percent in December 2024 as deteriorating road and electricity infrastructure continued to weigh on transportation and production...