Firms' efforts to reduce pollution emissions in their production processes are induced by market forces as well as … greater pollution being an unwelcome by-product (the tax burden effect). Pollution abatement (PA) investment, which is another …-economic perspective, the PA strategy is significantly superior to the R&D strategy when (pollution) damage cost parameters are medium or …

attention in recent years. However, the impacts of the timing of pollution taxes versus import tariffs on economic performance … precedence of pollution taxes. Our results show that social welfare is greater when import tariffs precede pollution taxes …. Pollution taxes are lower, and domestic production is greater when import tariffs are imposed first. …