Hou, Cong; Ouyang, Minggao; Xu, Liangfei; Wang, Hewu - In: Applied Energy 115 (2014) C, pp. 174-189
This paper proposes an optimal energy management strategy based on the approximate Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (A …-PMP) algorithm for parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). When the driving cycles are known in advance, the Pontryagin’s … Minimum Principle (PMP) can help to achieve the best fuel economy, but real-time control has been unavailable due to the …