Azerbaijan. Conclusions: Countries with a higher GDP per capita tend to have lower prison population rates and to invest larger … amounts of funds for prison systems. …

significant part of criminal peer exposure happens in prison, directly influenced by policymakers. This paper provides a broader … understanding of how peer effects shape criminal behavior among prison inmates, focusing on co-inmate impacts on recidivism and … criminal network formation. Using Norwegian register data on over 140,000 prison spells, we causally identify peer effects …

.2 million prisoners. We document the spread of prison norms in localities exposed to the released ex-prisoners. As inmates' code …