Natural hazards such as earthquakes, tropical and extratropical storms, tornadoes, floods and droughts are known for their destructive impacts on life, economy and environment. Although it is not possible to completely avoid damage due to such disasters, it may be possible to minimize their...

The international roughness index (IRI) for evaluating pavement surface roughness is simulated using the power spectral density (PSD) of pavement surface fluctuation. Quarter-car models recommended by the World Bank for measuring pavement roughness are adopted to simulate vehicle response....