Using a standard partial adjustment model and US firms, we study the relationship between managers' failure to achieve target labor productivity and their tendency to manage earnings. To overcome the endogeneity problem, we employ an instrumental variable technique based on negative investment...

Using a standard partial adjustment model and US firms, we study the relationship between managers' failure to achieve target labor productivity and their tendency to manage earnings. To overcome the endogeneity problem, we employ an instrumental variable technique based on negative investment...