In economic applications, the behavior of objects (e.g., individuals, firms, or households) is often modeled as a function of microeconomic and/or macroeconomic conditions. While macroeconomic conditions are common to all objects and change only over time, microeconomic conditions are...

Cloud computing has become an emerging technology that offers services based on the pay-as-usage model. The cloud provides several advantages, but these advantages come with challenges, such as reducing Service Level Agreement (SLA) violations, efficient resource utilization, reducing energy...