The growing interest on Hofstede’s cultural values has dominated the area of management and organizational research. However, the extant literature with disappointing psychometric results have provoked a pressing need to re-examine its measurement model specification. To fill this gap, this...

Cadogan and Lee's point can be made simpler by referring to the basic math underlying these relationships. The larger problem with this paper, as with the bulk of the formative measurement literature, is a failure of imagination, which is holding back progress in a variety of fields.