This paper introduces a formal mathematical taxonomy of four principal health insurance models: Bismarckian, Beveridgean, Commercial, and Collaborative & Contributive (C&C). Each model is analyzed for its structural characteristics, sustainability conditions, and demographic resilience under...

This chapter offers a detailed analysis of microinsurance (nowadays often called “inclusive insurance”), an innovative hybrid model combining grassroots initiatives with top-down approaches to reach populations not covered by government-operated social protection systems. With half of the...

This paper proposes two metrics to correctly measure under optimal capital structures the impact of corporate statutory tax rates (a) on the effective tax rate, and (b) on the operational risk of capital investment projects and their parent firm's project portfolio. For illustrative and...