We approximate the finite-sample distribution of impulse response function (IRF) estimators that are just-identified with a weak instrument using the conventional local-to-zero asymptotic framework. Since the distribution lacks a mean, we assess bias using the mode and conclude that researchers...

The paper derives and proves results of Gaussian maximum likelihood estimation of constant unknowns (coefficients, covariances) and time-varying unknowns (factors, disturbances) of static and dynamic factor models and, thereby, extends the statistics and econometrics literatures on estimation...

This paper provides a critical examination of the empirical basis of the output convergence debate in the light of recent developments in the analysis of dynamic heterogeneous panels with interactive effects. It shows that popular tools such as Barro's cross-country regressions and two-way fixed...