This paper makes the case for measuring economic activity in real time in a middle-income setting using indicators alternative to the standard System of National Accounts measure of gross domestic product (GDP). GDP remains indispensable, yet its limits as a welfare proxy are amplified where...

This report provides details on the sampling design, the fieldwork, as well as nonresponse and population adjustments for the 2024 sample M8d of the IAB-SOEP-Migration Survey. The survey is conducted in cooperation between the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) and the Socio-Economic Panel...

We use small-area estimation methods that combine information from a household budget survey, a much larger survey of local demographics and employment, and area-level information on bank account outflows and energy consumption to estimate average equivalised consumption measures across 367...

This paper provides details on the sampling design, the fieldwork, as well as nonresponse and population adjustments for the 2024 sample M10 of the IAB-SOEP-Migration survey. The survey is conducted in cooperation between the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) and the Socio-Economic Panel...

Sample S is the 2024 refreshment sample of the SOEP-Core. We applied a stratified two-stage cluster sampling design to draw a sample of anchor persons from the German population register. The sample adds 5,314 new households to the panel. Potential selectivity in participation is corrected by...

Agent-based models (ABMs) are gaining increasing traction in several domains, due to their ability to represent complex systems that are not easily expressible with classical mathematical models. This expressivity and richness come at a cost: ABMs can typically be analyzed only through...