Background: Corporate bonds are crucial for corporations as they provide a flexible and often less costly alternative to equity financing. However, rising corporate debt levels, along with rating downgrades and economic uncertainty, can cause corporations to face financial distress, exacerbating...

The spatial dimension is central to future adaptation due to the uneven expected damages in the EU. Damages will not only be local, but would spread out to unaffected regions through spatial linkages. Trade, a key dimension of these linkages, is vulnerable to climate damages and current...