The paper examines the European Union's efforts to promote economic and social integration. Despite significant convergence across EU member states, regional inequalities persist, particularly between urban centers and lagging rural areas, fueling Euroscepticism and political polarization. To...

Since 2016, Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 reforms have improved governance, business regulations, capital markets, the labor market, and the external sector, narrowing structural gaps with frontier economies and improving economic performance. This paper summarizes progress, estimates the output...

This paper examines the evolving relationship between EU Cohesion and Industrial Policy, focusing on how the latter's shift towards macro-level missions-such as decarbonisation and strategic autonomy-undermines territorial cohesion and regional convergence. Reviewing the evolution and...

Unprecedented challenges require swift action. We need to modernise cohesion policy to boost Europe's competitiveness, defence and security, affordable housing, water resilience, and energy transition.