achievement. We leverage question response time and random question order to obtain causal estimates of the effect of student … effort on performance. Subsequently, we evaluate how differences in performance change when students would have made equal …

achievement. We leverage question response time and random question order to obtain causal estimates of the effect of student … effort on performance. Subsequently, we evaluate how differences in performance change when students would have made equal …

minority peers decreases student effort, parental investments, and teacher engagement and it results in lower student test …

minority peers decreases student effort, parental investments, and teacher engagement and it results in lower student test …

minority peers decreases student effort, parental investments, and teacher engagement and it results in lower student test …