Despite hiring credits being a long-standing labor market policy, evidence of their impact at the firm level is limited. This paper contributes to the existing literature by providing an empirical analysis of an untargeted hiring credits policy introduced in Italy in 2015. We implement the...

Despite hiring credits being a long-standing labor market policy, evidence of their impact at the firm level is limited. This paper contributes to the existing literature by providing an empirical analysis of an untargeted hiring credits policy introduced in Italy in 2015. We implement the...

This paper proposes a time-weighted difference-in-differences (TWDID) estimation approach that is robust against interactive fixed effects in short T panels. Time weighting substantially reduces both bias and variance compared to conventional DID estimation through balancing the pre-treatment...