This paper explores the impact of refugees on the size of the underground economy in 28 European Union countries over … different magnitude of effects depending on the share of the refugee population. The underground economy is stimulated at a low … underground economy in 28 European Union countries over the period from 1998 to 2017. It applies a nonlinear methodology by …

The underground economy crucially affects growth and unemployment in both developed and developing countries … present theoretical extension of the AD-AS model shows that the underground economy - despite its negative effects on …