Background: The rapid growth of e-commerce has intensified the need for last-mile delivery systems that can navigate urban congestion while minimizing environmental impact. Hybrid truck-drone networks offer a promising solution by combining heavy-duty ground transport with aerial flexibility;...

A recurring challenge for transportation companies is the inefficiency of returning (partially) empty vehicles, or backhauling, after delivering orders. To address this issue, companies search on freight exchange platforms for profitable pickup and delivery orders, aiming to reduce the costs...