This study investigates the nonlinear, regime-dependent, and frequency-specific interdependencies between rare earth element (REE) markets and key global critical sectors, including artificial intelligence, semiconductors, clean energy, defense, and advanced manufacturing, under varying levels...

Most transition-finance assets (green bonds, EU emission allowances, clean-energy equities) have only a few years of daily data and virtually no intraday history, rendering standard spillover tools either infeasible (high-dimensional MGARCH) or inapplicable (realized-variance VARs). We develop...