One of the core principles of social democracy is the equality between citizens. However, in Europe, several social democratic parties have recently supported referendums against same-sex marriage. This paper aims to examine factors which drove left-wing parties to disregard the principle of...

On the 23rd of June 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union, leading to an unprecedented event in European history. In this paper, we analyse the exit voting shares in 386 local jurisdictions across the UK's four nations, to find a relationship between the characteristics of a...

Since the 1990s, European integration has been characterized by a combination of politicization and differentiation. Starting with the Danish referendum on the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, which has led to a series of Danish opt-outs from the Treaty on European Union, domestic politicization has...

Brexit referendum will impact sooner or later, since the European economies are massively underperforming and UK is chained to them.This referendum is “advisory”, not “binding”.In case of Brexit scenario the strategy should be UK to diversify its international links.World is an Oyster,...

Subnational groups employ a variety of strategies to contest governments. While democratic states offer a broader array of accessible options, autocratic regimes are more difficult to contest via conventional means. Why do subnational groups stage sovereignty referendums across regime types? Our...

Information about the possibilities of changes in national and international macroeconomic variables affects the expectations and behavior of individuals and firms more quickly than real changes in those macroeconomic variables. In this research, we investigate the impacts of international...

There were large regional differentials in the Brexit vote. Most notably, the percentage voting to leave the EU ranged from 38% in Scotland and 40% in London to 59% in the East and West Midlands. Turnout also varied across Britain, from a low of 67% in Scotland to 77% in the South East and South...

We provide causal evidence of the impact of the Brexit referendum vote on hate crime in the United Kingdom (UK). Using various data sources, including unique data collected from the UK Police Forces by Freedom of Information (FOI) requests, and various estimation methods...