To account for potential bias from heterogeneity in hereditary factors or family background, I use the within-twin and within-siblings differences to estimate the effects of Christian faith on three health outcome variables by applying fixed effect model to the data of twins and siblings from...

For a balanced panel data regression model with random effects, we discuss the efficiency of the GLS estimator relative to the OLS, the between, and the within estimators. Focus is on how the efficiency responds to changes in (a) the relative variance components and (b) the composition of the...

For a random effects regression model with unbalanced panel data, we demonstrate that the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) estimator can be expressed as a (matrix) weighted average of estimators which utilize the within individual and the between individual variation in the data set. We thus...