The Philippines aspires to become a predominantly middle-class society by 2040. Significant strides have been achieved … vulnerability of many households to economic shocks. This study examines the dynamics and characteristics of the middle-income class …

When do people identify with their class? Evidence from social psychology shows that individuals are more likely to … heterogeneity combined with internal migration influenced class identity. We develop and validate a measure of class identity using … culturally-distant workers reduced working class identification. Where migration increased the cultural distance of the working …

To what extent did class shape political behavior during early democratization and industrialization, and did class … across elections-to provide evidence on the class-basis of voting. Voting was strongly structured by occupation: skilled … destination class in cross-sectional comparisons, within-voter estimates show that individuals did not systematically change their …

-employment constraint, and resource limitations. These limits and their interactions threaten to destabilize the class relationship between …