Can collective bargaining mitigate monopsony power? This paper addresses this question by examining how the regulation of noncompete agreements for employees by collective agreements affects firm-level markdowns in the French manufacturing sector. Using a staggered difference-in-differences...

Does Financial Action Task Force (FATF) grey-listing disrupt cross-border financial flows? The answer is not obvious. Grey-listing imposes no formal transaction restrictions, yet it can trigger compliance responses by financial institutions facing heightened regulatory risk and the prospect of...

Most barriers to trade in services stem from regulatory measures. This study assesses the degree of regulatory restrictiveness affecting trade in services across Latin America and the Caribbean and the degree of disparities in these measures. It then analyzes the impact of both the level of...

Electricity systems function as multi-stage supply chains comprising generation, transmission, distribution, and retail. Within this network, Transmission System Operators (TSOs) play a critical role in transporting high-voltage electricity from generators to distribution networks. This paper...

As electricity systems become more reliant on variable renewable generation and increasingly shaped by digital technologies, policymakers and regulators face a dual challenge: enabling consumers to benefit from the energy transition while ensuring that their behaviour supports system needs. In...

Decentralized finance (DeFi) promises cheaper, faster and more accessible financial services by replacing traditional regulated intermediaries with software protocols and smart contracts. But modern financial regulation needs these intermediaries, or at least versions of them; they serve as...

Online platforms connecting physicians and patients are increasingly common and often operate in heavily regulated contexts. We consider a platform that provides cost-reducing services for physicians and quality-enhancing services for patients. The platform also improves the matching between...