This article critically analyses the enforcement framework of the EU Digital Markets Act (DMA), with a focus on its early operational phase. The DMA establishes a new regulatory regime that addresses entrenched platform power through ex ante obligations on designated gatekeepers. Building on the...

This study examines how geographic distance to Vietnam's centralized securities regulator-the State Securities Commission (SSC)-influences firm-level stock price crash risk. In emerging markets characterized by weak governance, corruption, and political connections, distance can erode monitoring...

Agentic artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in corporate communication with investors, including drafting disclosures, answering queries, and summarizing financial information. While these systems can improve the accessibility and efficiency of public corporate communication, they...

Machine learning credit scoring expands the informational frontier of retail lending, particularly for thin file borrowers, yet it also erodes the practical meaning of disclosure duties that anchor consumer protection and prudential oversight. The central financial implication is that...

This paper cautions against the use of consumer protection as a Trojan horse for broader regulation of third-party litigation funding (TPLF) in the EU. The EU already operates a uniform consumer protection framework that prevents adverse outcomes for consumers across the board, including legal...

Regulation shapes the boundaries of firms. When prudential standards bind asymmetrically across subsidiaries of an integrated organization, internal capital markets become a mechanism for regulatory arbitrage. We study this in U.S. banking, where holding companies encompass both heavily...

This paper links microeconomic theory with the political economy of regulation. We explain why modern economies tend to become persistently over-regulated and we outline a practical strategy for deregulation. We argue that regulations are not the works of a benevolent central planner but rather...

Most barriers to trade in services stem from regulatory measures. This study assesses the degree of regulatory restrictiveness affecting trade in services across Latin America and the Caribbean and the degree of disparities in these measures. It then analyzes the impact of both the level of...