Lawyers, judges, scholars, and clients all agree on one thing about contracts: they are complex. But what does this actually mean? What is contractual complexity and where does it come from? Despite widespread agreement that contracts are complex, the literature on contracts has yet to...

This paper analyzes prominence in a homogeneous product market where two firms simultaneously choose both prices and price complexity levels. Market-wide complexity results in consumer confusion. Confused consumers are more likely to buy from the prominent firm. In equilibrium, there is...

Today's complex, dynamic, interconnected world presents the field of education ("Education 4.0") with significant challenges in developing competencies for reasoning for complexity. This article analyzes complex thinking as a macro-competency with sub-competencies of critical, systemic,...

The EU fiscal framework has gradually morphed into a regional regime complex through various reforms of the preventive and corrective arms of the Stability and Growth Pact. A regime complex encourages actors to arbitrage between partially overlapping, parallel and nested rules. By drawing on...

Machine learning methods for big data trade off bias for precision in prediction. To understand the implications for financial markets, I formulate an asymmetric information model where agents optimally choose a biased estimator. The model identifies a novel cost of complexity that arises...

The organization of complex projects relies more than that of simpler ones on institutions. Neo-institutional theory, not only the most popular branch of institutional theory, but also of organization theory more generally, has for decades emphasized the role of institutions, internal as well as...

We present an exponentially convergent semi-implicit meshless algorithm for the solution of Navier-Stokes equations in complex domains. The algorithm discretizes partial derivatives at scattered points using radial basis functions (RBF) as interpolants. Higher-order polynomials are appended to...

The basic objective of this investigation is to explore the impactof a novel gravitational modification, specifically, the$f(\mathcal{G}, \mathbf{T}^2)$ (where $\mathcal{G}:=\mathbf{R}^{2}+R_{\alpha\beta\sigma\varsigma}R^{\alpha\beta\sigma\varsigma}-4R_{\alpha\beta}R^{\alpha\beta}$and...