International law and voluntary norms have not effectively prevented state, proxy, or other criminals from malicious and harmful behaviour in cyberspace. Geopolitical confrontation and tension beyond cyberspace with major threat actors have largely exhausted sanctions. Faced with threats that...

International law and voluntary norms have not effectively prevented state, proxy, or other criminals from malicious and harmful behaviour in cyberspace. Geopolitical confrontation and tension beyond cyberspace with major threat actors have largely exhausted sanctions. Faced with threats that...

E-commerce technologies are increasingly adopted and used because they give companies a competitive edge and boost their profitability through access to international markets. Even though global e-commerce has grown over the past few years, many consumers lack confidence in e-commerce purchases....