The extant literature on marginal deterrence supports the notion that individuals maintain a dynamic decision …-scale empirical analysis of the marginal deterrence principle to advance theory on the magnitude of potential deterrent effects. We … cities to test the marginal deterrence thesis. Our analysis yields a statistically significant positive relationship with our …

This paper develops a dynamic real-options model of tariff deterrence in which the exporting country, though subject to … irreversible enforcement costs, while the leader can undertake costly deterrence, through signaling and capacity building, to delay …) optimally remains inactive, and the exporting country (the leader) sustains continuous deterrence expenditures, which …