The government of Mongolia developed and passed a new Budget Law on 23 December 2011 in order to improve the legal framework for budgeting, budget relations and fiscal management by integrating the Budget Law of 2002 and Public Sector Management and Finance Law. The purpose of new Budget Law is...

This paper introduces a way for measuring the energy efficiency in economics besides the methods in physics. The linkage among energy efficiency, energy consumption and other macroeconomic variables is demonstrated primarily. Based on the methodology of dynamic optimization, a maximum problem of...

This article presents a particular case of spurious regression, when a dependent variable has a coefficient of simple correlation close to zero with two other variables, which are, on the contrary, highly correlated with each other. In these spurious regressions, the parameters measuring the...

This paper explores the demand for child schooling in Pakistan, using the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (1991). There have been few such studies for Pakistan, a country with relatively low enrollment rates and education levels, high illiteracy, and large disparity between male and female...

Redundant gene functions are ubiquitous, and they are a potentially important source of evolutionary innovations on the biochemical level. It is therefore highly desirable to understand the mechanisms governing their evolution. Gene duplication is clearly a prominent mechanism generating...