This paper traces the development of digital currencies and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), and how their conceptual models and implementation have evolved over the past decade. First conceptualized as private digital assets operating independently from central banking systems, digital...

Banks that transact on permissionless blockchains or similar distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) face various risks. This paper considers the risks related to operations and security, governance, legal, compliance (including money laundering/financing of terrorism) and settlement finality....

This paper traces the development of digital currencies and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), and how their conceptual models and implementation have evolved over the past decade. First conceptualized as private digital assets operating independently from central banking systems, digital...

Digital trading apps are evidence of developing open innovations in the financial sector. The investment industry (including banks and brokers) can greatly benefit from the utilization of digital trading applications and corresponding tools, such as smart contracts. The goal of this research...