approximate laws of error propagation are derived. For area measurement, the exact laws of error propagation are obtained under … error propagation in area measurement is also considered and its approximation is substantiated by numerical experiments …

approximate law of error propagation for the intersection point is formulated within the MBGIS framework. From simulation … affect the error characteristics of the intersection. Nevertheless, the approximate law of error propagation captures nicely …

of error propagation. Part 2 investigates the classic point-in-polygon problem under ME. Continuing to Part 3 is the … this present part, a simple but general model for ME in MBGIS is introduced. An approximate law of error propagation is … is proposed and its error propagation problem is studied on the basis of the basic ME model as well as the approximate …