The rapid expansion of small and medium enterprise (SME) lending has intensified the need for accurate and interpretable credit risk forecasting. Financial institutions must anticipate potential business loan delinquency to maintain portfolio stability and meet regulatory standards. This study...

CONTEXT: Numerous studies underscore the importance of temporal and spatial diversification in cropping systems for enhancing agricultural resilience under growing uncertainty. OBJECTIVE: Although positive effects of crop diversification have been widely reported, the factors influencing...

This study proposes a hierarchical signal-to-policy learning framework for risk-aware portfolio optimization that integrates model-based return forecasting, explainable machine learning, and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) within a unified architecture. In the first stage, next-period returns...