Beaufils, Timothé; Conyngham, Killian; de Vries, Marlene; … - 2025
This paper formalizes the geopolitical externality of climate policy and estimates its plausible magnitudes … the relevance of this externality. We estimate that each euro spent on oil in the EU generates geopolitical costs of 0 … the geopolitical externality offers a compelling argument for strong unilateral efforts to reduce fossil fuel demand in …