We distinguish between intended production and residual generation and introduce the concept of by-production. We show that by-production provides the fundamental explanation for the positive correlation that is observed between intended production and residual generation. Most of the existing...

In DEA, there are two frameworks for efficiency assessment and targeting: the greatest and the least distance framework. The greatest distance framework provides us with the efficient targets that are determined by the farthest projections to the assessed decision making unit via maximization of...