Recently, researchers have reformulated Item Response Theory (IRT) models into multilevel models to evaluate clustered data appropriately. Using a multilevel model to obtain item difficulty and person ability parameter estimates that correspond directly with IRT models’ parameters is often...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide the first large data-set regression analysis to test Kerlin’s (2013) macro-institutional social enterprise framework in relation to the country social enterprise models that flow from it. Kerlin (2013) offers a conceptual framework for...

A multilevel regression model is proposed in which discrete individual-level variables are used as predictors of discrete group-level outcomes. It generalizes the model proposed by Croon and van Veldhoven for analyzing micro–macro relations with continuous variables by making use of a...