A virtual power plant takes advantage of interactive communication and energy management systems to optimize and coordinate the dispatch of distributed generation, interruptible loads, energy storage systems and battery switch stations, so as to integrate them as an entity to exchange energy...

This paper proposes a new framework for the operation of distribution companies (discos) in the liberalized electricity market environment considering distributed generation (DG) units and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission penalty cost. The proposed short-term framework is a two-stage model. The...