Innovation ecosystems use R&D inputs to generate innovation outputs first and innovation impacts later. But some countries show a relatively low transmission, such as in the case of Kazakhstan, the largest economy in Central Asia. This article analyzes the transmission from R&D into innovation...

The demand for rental bikes in urban areas fluctuates, leading to localized surpluses and shortages. To address this challenge, effective bike relocation strategies are essential for ensuring equitable distribution and maximizing customer satisfaction. This study aims to employ advanced machine...

Background It is a well-known phenomenon that nonlinearities that are inherent in the relationship among economic variables negatively affect the commonly used estimators in the econometric models. The nonlinearities cause an instability of the estimated parameters that, in particular, are...