We analyze the impact of subsidies on R&D expenditures in the financial crisis and beyond. The financial crisis has led to considerable turmoil in financing and, as a result, to restrictions of firms' access to external financing. Utilizing this fact, we identify and analyze financing...

In this paper a new instrument for monetary policy shocks is presented. Exogenous variation of the policy rate may come from frictions of collective decision-making. Dissenting votes indicate how far the final decision of the decision making body is from the mean of the members' individually...

We examine the effect of financial constraints on firms' employment growth. We use the maturing debt approach which uses the fact that the amount of long term credit maturing in a particular year can be considered as an exogenous financial constraint on firms’ employment decision in that year....