A bi-level, three-stage Stochastic Mathematical Program with Equilibrium Constraints (SMPEC) is proposed for quantifying and optimizing travel time resilience in roadway networks under non-recurring natural or human-induced disaster events. At the upper-level, a sequence of optimal preparedness...

Mathematical programs with equilibrium (or complementarity) constraints, MPECs for short, form a difficult class of optimization problems. The feasible set of MPECs is described by standard equality and inequality constraints as well as additional complementarity constraints that are used to...

We consider a numerical approach for the solution of a difficult class of optimization problems called mathematical programs with vanishing constraints. The basic idea is to reformulate the characteristic constraints of the program via a nonsmooth function and to eventually smooth it and...