This study investigates an NP-hard parallel machine scheduling problem, a critical challenge in manufacturing, healthcare, and logistics industries where efficient resource allocation is essential. The issue involves scheduling operations where each task requires an additional resource, with...

The continuous annealing of flat steel improves its properties for applications such as automotive manufacturing. Scheduling these processes on Parallel Heterogeneous Annealing Lines (PHALs) is complex due to diverse coil properties, incompatible process modes, and due date constraints....