Sajedianfard, Najmeh; Shahnazi, Rouhollah - In: Energy strategy reviews 62 (2025), pp. 1-11
The global crude oil trade network, a cornerstone of energy supply chains, suffers from structural inefficiencies that amplify environmental damage and geopolitical risks. This study aims to (1) develop an optimization model reconciling logistical costs with CO2 emissions, (2) quantify energy...