empirical studies in agricultural and applied economics use observational data. However, estimating causal effects with … observational data requires appropriate research designs and convincing identification strategies, which are usually very difficult … agricultural and applied economics to estimate causal effects with observational data. It then provides advice and guidelines for …

accumulate observational data which oftentimes cannot be used to measure causal effects of marketing campaigns due to endogeneity … instrument-free exogeneity test designed to assess whether the observational data is significantly endogenous and experimentation …

empirical studies in agricultural and applied economics use observational data. However, estimating causal effects with … observational data requires appropriate research designs and convincing identification strategies, which are usually very difficult … agricultural and applied economics to estimate causal effects with observational data. It then provides advice and guidelines for …

accumulate observational data which oftentimes cannot be used to measure causal effects of marketing campaigns due to endogeneity … instrument-free exogeneity test designed to assess whether the observational data is significantly endogenous and experimentation …