This paper examines the effects of public infrastructure spending across Ecuadorian cantons on adequate employment and the multidimensional poverty rate over the period 2008-2022, assessing whether such spending operated as a mechanism of convergence. The analysis is grounded in the hypothesis...

Space-enabled technologies underpin communications, navigation, Earth observation, and critical infrastructure, but widely cited estimates of the space economy often rely on proprietary classifications or revenue tallies that abstract from production linkages. We develop a transparent,...

Development finance institutions (DFIs) play a central role in financing infrastructure for sustainable development, yet their effects on project‑level risk allocation and private capital mobilization remain imperfectly understood. This paper examines how different DFIs and financial...