Cities are places where people commute to work and where goods are traded across space. While a large literature examines how lower commuting costs reshape cities, much less is known about within-city trade costs as a distinct force. This paper studies both channels using the construction of the...

This research delves into the complexities of assessing polycentric development, focusing on Tehran's city-region. Using a systematic analytical approach, we examine geographical boundaries, center thresholds, and measurement indicators over time. Our findings highlight the crucial role of...

The evolution toward more interconnected urban networks underscores the significance of spatial configuration in regional resilience. This study leverages the 2008 global financial crisis as a quasi-experimental context to examine how spatial structures shape the economic resilience of OECD...