education sustainability by focusing on the role of government education spending. The paper utilized annual time series data …

Ceremonies are central to social life, yet the pressure to conform to community spending norms traps households in a … inelasticities, and are strongly shaped by local spending norms, making celebrations disproportionately burdensome for poorer … analogues in Afghanistan, China, India, and Pakistan. Both yield reductions in ceremonial spending, with household savings …

Spending elasticities measure the reaction of different government spending components to the business cycle. They are … spending elasticities by focusing on 11 EU countries in the 1995-2020 period. Our results suggest that spending elasticities … only unemployment spending responds to cyclical variations. While unemployment spending is indeed a major driver of counter …

periods, we quantify how deficits, taxes, and civilian spending respond to increases and decreases in military spending. On … average, deficit financing dominates: a 1 percent-age point (pp) increase in military spending (as share of GDP) is associated … with 62% deficit financing, 20% higher taxation, and 18% reductions in civilian spending. The composition shifts with …

consumption and for whom equivalent private services may be prohibitively expensive. Most public service spending in Scotland … as a significant share of research funding - is reserved to the UK government. Spending on public services - both … devolved and reserved - was 22% higher per person in Scotland than in England in 2024-25, while benefit spending was 12% higher …