models. The direct and indirect effects of inflation were consistently negative and significant. Trade openness exerts a …

), renewable energy consumption, trade openness, and open innovation in the United States using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag … these variables. The findings reveal that renewable energy consumption and trade openness significantly contribute to …

While the impact of trade openness on economic growth has been widely studied, its effect on township economies remains … underexplored. In view of this empirical gap, this study examines the impact of trade openness proxied by export intensity on the …

that may influence economic development, such as foreign direct investment (FDI), public investment (INV), trade openness …, positively and significantly affect economic growth. Furthermore, public investment and trade openness are significant positive …

volatility is increased by trade openness and inflation, but remittances have a mixed effect. In order to benefit from financial …