This paper introduces the Copula Asymmetry Index (CAI), a rolling, rank-based measure of asymmetric tail dependence between equity returns and implied-volatility proxies. CAI is defined as the difference between the empirical frequency of joint "equity-down & volatility-up" tail events and that...

Prominent scholars have complained of inadequate clarity and agreement on what transactions are, and how their costs are measured. This two-part article explores this topic and suggests an alternative approach. This part examines different meanings of transaction cost used by leading scholars in...