LDV is known to be of order 1/T, we show that the Nickell-type bias in the estimator of the treatment effect is of order 1 … (LDV). However, when the DGP is characterized by both features simultaneously, we find that bracketing of the treatment … effect only holds under certain conditions – but not in general. Practitioners can nevertheless obtain the lower bound …

entered into that model, researchers can calculate an estimated average treatment effect (ATE), or the estimated change in the …