This study examines how the organizational work climate shapes the effectiveness of supervision on employee performance. While traditional management theory assumes supervision universally enhances productivity, we observe a puzzling paradox: facing identical tasks and wage systems, some firms...

Background: The EFQM Model, launched by the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM), is widely adopted by transforming organizations. Conducting research with an academic perspective on these models is crucial to comprehend their potential fully. While Contingency Theory has not yet...

This study investigates the adoption of performance-based budgeting (PBB) in Iraq's Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MOHE), addressing challenges in aligning budgeting practices with performance outcomes. Motivated by gaps in the literature on public sector budget reforms,...