In April and in October 2025 China imposed export controls on rare earths amid escalating trade tensions with the United States. Although these measures were too short-lived to generate macroeconomic effects, they signalled China's ability to draw on its dominant position in the rare earth...

In response to Russiaʼs full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the European Union (EU) and its allies imposed broad export bans against Russia. Besides exerting economic pressure on the aggressor, a central objective was to cut Russia off from critical technologies needed to produce...

Nickel is essential for producing iron and steel. Endowed with the world's largest reserve, Indonesia banned nickel exports in 2014 to promote industrialization. This paper studies the impacts of the export ban on downstream steel-using industries. A three-sector model shows that, while the...

Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the US, EU, and likeminded countries swiftly imposed an expanded set of primary and secondary export restrictions on Russia. This paper assesses the effectiveness of those measures and their ongoing refinement and modification over time...